44 BC Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declared her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion.
44 BC Cicero launched the first of his Philippics (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them over the following months.
31 BC Final War of the Roman Republic: Battle of Actium – off the western coast of Greece, forces of Octavian under General Agrippa defeated the combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra in the Battle of Actium, establishing Octavian as the ruler of the entire Roman world.
911 Viking-monarch Oleg of Kiev-Russia signed a treaty with Byzantines.
1192 Sultan Saladin and King Richard the lion hearted signed a cease fire.
1537 Danish King Christian III published an Ordinance on the Danish Church which ordered Denmark to convert to Lutheranism and as Norway was then ruled by Denmark, the Norwegians converted as well.
1666 The Great Fire of London began in a bakery on Pudding Lane and will destroy much of the city.
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